Risk & Protective Factors for Adolescent Drug Use: 1999 NHSDA

Appendix A: Directory of Prevention Domains, Constructs, and Items Used from the 1999 NHSDA Questionnaire

Table A.1 List of Items in the Community Domain from the 1999 NHSDA

Construct	Factor	Item #	Item
Community Disorganization and Crime	Risk		How Much Do You Agree or Disagree That...
		YE-2a	...there is a lot of crime in your neighborhood? Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree
		YE-2b	...there is a lot of drug selling in your neighborhood? (see previous response categories)
		YE-2g	...there are a lot of street fights in your neighborhood? (see previous response categories)
		YE-2h	...there are many empty or abandoned buildings in your neighborhood? (see previous response categories)
		YE-2j	...there is a lot of graffiti in your neighborhood? (see previous response categories)
		YE-2l	...people move in and out of your neighborhood often? (see previous response categories)
Neighborhood Cohesiveness	Protective		How Much Do You Agree or Disagree That...
		YE-2c	...people in your neighborhood often help each other out? Strongly agree Somewhat agree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree
		YE-2i	...people in your neighborhood often visit each other's homes? (see previous response categories)
Community Attitudes Toward Substance Use	Risk		How Do You Think That Most Adults in Your Neighborhood Would Feel About...
		YE-3b	...you trying marijuana or hashish once or twice? Neither approve nor disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove
		YE-3a	...you smoking one or two packs of cigarettes per day? (see previous response categories)
		YE-3d	...you having one or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage nearly every day? (see previous response categories)
Community Norms Toward Substance Use	Risk		How Many Adults That You Know Personally Would You Say....
		YE-5b	...use marijuana or hashish? None of them A few of them Most of them All of them
		YE-5a	...smoke cigarettes? (see previous response categories)
		YE-5c	...drink alcoholic beverages? (see previous response categories)
		YE-5d	... get drunk at least once a week? (see previous response categories)
Availability of Drugs	Risk		How Difficult or Easy Would it Be for You to Get Some [Name of Substance], if You Wanted Some?
		R-2a	Marijuana Probably impossible Very difficult Fairly difficult Fairly easy Very easy
		R-2b	LSD (see previous response categories)
		R-2c	Cocaine (see previous response categories)
		R-2d	Crack (see previous response categories)
		R-2e	Heroin (see previous response categories)
Exposure to Prevention Messages in the Media	Protective	YE-25	During the past 12 Months, Have You Seen or Heard Any Alcohol or Drug Prevention Messages from Sources Outside School, Such as in Posters, Pamphlets, and Radio or TV Ads? Yes No

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999.

Table A.2 List of Items in the Family Domain from the 1999 NHSDA

Construct	Factor	Item #	Item
Parental Monitoring	Risk		How Often During the Past 12 Months Did Your Parents...
		YE-6a	...check on whether you had done your homework? Always Sometimes Seldom Never
		YE-6b	...provide help with your homework when you needed it? (see previous response categories)
		YE-6c	...make you do work or chores around the house? (see previous response categories)
		YE-6d	...limit the amount of time you watched TV? (see previous response categories)
		YE-6e	...limit the amount of time you went out with friends on school nights? (see previous response categories)
Parental Encouragement	Protective		How Often During the Past 12 Months Did Your Parents...
		YE-6f	...let you know when you'd done a good job? Always Sometimes Seldom Never
		YE-6g	...tell you they're proud of you for something you'd done? (see previous response categories)
Parent's Attitude Toward Substance Use	Risk		How Do You Think Your Parents Would Feel about You...
		YE-7b	...trying marijuana or hashish once or twice? Neither approve nor disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove
		YE-7a	...smoking one or two packs of cigarettes per day? (see previous response categories)
		YE-7d	...having one or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage nearly every day? (see previous response categories)
Parents Communicate About Substance Use	Protective	YE-8	During the Past 12 Months, Have You Talked with at Least One of Your Parents about the Dangers of Tobacco, Alcohol, or Drug Use? Yes No
Parents Are Source of Social Support	Protective	YE-22	If You Wanted to Talk to Someone about a Serious Problem, Which of the Following People Would You Turn To? Please Mark All That Apply. Nobody Your mother Your father Your grandmother or grandfather Your boyfriend or girlfriend Your brother or sister Some other relative A friend A neighbor A teacher, principal, coach, or school counselor A therapist, psychiatrist, or other private counselor A pastor, clergy or church group Other (Scored as parents (mother or father) vs. other responses)

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999.

Table A.3 List of Items in the Peer/Individual Domain from the 1999 NHSDA

Construct	Factor	Item #	Item
Antisocial Behavior	Risk		During the Past 12 Months, How Many Times Have You...
		YE-18b	...gotten into a serious fight at school or at work? 0 1 or 2 times 3 to 5 times 6 to 9 times 10 or more times
		YE-18c	...taken part in a fight where a group of your friends fought against another group? (see previous response categories)
		YE-18d	...carried a handgun? (see previous response categories)
		YE-18e	...sold illegal drugs? (see previous response categories)
		YE-18f	...stolen or tried to steal anything worth more than $50? (see previous response categories)
		YE-18g	...attacked someone with the intent to seriously hurt them? (see previous response categories)
Individual Attitudes Toward Substance Use	Risk		How Do You Feel about Someone Your Age...
		YE-19b	....trying marijuana or hashish once or twice? Neither approve nor disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove
		YE-19a	...smoking one or two packs of cigarettes per day? (see previous response categories)
		YE-19d	...having one or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage nearly every day? (see previous response categories)
Friends' Attitudes Toward Substance Use	Risk		How Do You Think Your Close Friends Would Feel about You...
		YE-20b	...trying marijuana or hashish once or twice? Neither approve nor disapprove Somewhat disapprove Strongly disapprove
		YE-20a	...smoking one or two packs of cigarettes per day? (see previous response categories)
		YE-20d	...having one or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage nearly every day? (see previous response categories)
Friends' Substance Use	Risk		How Many of Your Friends Would You Say...
		YE-21b	...use marijuana or hashish? None of them A few of them Most of them All of them
		YE-21a	...smoke cigarettes? (see previous response categories)
		YE-21c	...drink alcoholic beverages? (see previous response categories)
		YE-21d	...get drunk at least once a week? (see previous response categories)
Perceived Risk of Substance Use	Risk		How Much Do You Think People Risk Harming Themselves Physically and in Other Ways When They...
		R-1b	...smoke marijuana once a month? No risk Slight risk Moderate risk Great risk
		R-1c	...smoke marijuana once or twice a week? (see previous response categories)
		R-1a	...smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? (see previous response categories)
		R-1j	...have four or five drinks nearly every day? (see previous response categories)
		R-1k	...have five or more drinks once or twice a week? (see previous response categories)
Risk-Taking Proclivity	Risk	R-4a	How Often Do You Get a Real Kick out of Doing Things That Are a Little Dangerous? Never Seldom Sometimes Always
		R-4b	How Often Do You Test Yourself by Doing Something a Little Risky? (see previous response categories)
		R-4c	How Often Do You Wear a Seatbelt When You Are Riding in the Front Passenger Seat of a Car? (see previous response categories)
Participation in Extracurricular Activities	Protective	YE-23	In the Past 12 Months, Have You Participated in... ...Big Brother/Big Sister/Big Buddy program or peer mentoring or tutoring program? ...a problem solving, communication skills or self-esteem group? ...a violence prevention program, where you learn ways to avoid fights and control anger? ...youth center activities, at the YMCA, YWCA, or other similar community center? ...the Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts? ...private lessons, such as piano, dance, tennis, karate, horseback riding, etc? ...an alcohol, tobacco, or drug prevention program outside of school, where you learn about the dangers of using, and how to resist using, alcohol, tobacco, or drugs? ...team sports, such as football, basketball, swimming, gymnastics, etc.? ...a 4–H club? ...a program or meeting to help you deal with drug or alcohol use by you or another member of your family, such as AA, Alateen, or individual or group counseling? ...a school band, orchestra, or choir? ...school-related clubs? ...volunteer or community work, such as recycling or clean-up projects? ...student government? ...pregnancy or sexually transmitted disease prevention programs? ...job skills or job training? ...a church choir? (Scored as two or more activities vs. less than two activities)
Religiosity	Protective	D-41	During the Past 12 Months, How Many Times Did You Attend Religious Services? Please Do Not Include Special Occasions Such as Weddings, Christenings, Funerals, or Other Special Events in Your Answer. 0 to 5 times 6 to 24 times 25 to 52 times More than 52 times
		D-42a	My Religious Beliefs Are a Very Important Part of My Life. Strongly disagree Disagree Agree Strongly agree
		D-42b	My Religious Beliefs Influence How I Make Decisions in My Life. (see previous response categories)
		D-42c	It Is Important That My Friends Share My Religious Beliefs. (see previous response categories)

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999.

Table A.4 List of Items in the School Domain from the 1999 NHSDA

Construct	Factor	Item #	Item
Commitment to School	Protective	YE-10	Please Choose the Option That Best Describes How You Felt Overall about Going to School During the Past 12 Months. You liked going to school You kind of liked going to school You didn't like going to school You hated going to school
		YE-11	During the Past 12 Months, How Often Did You Feel That the School Work You Were Assigned to Do Was Meaningful and Important? You always felt this way You sometimes felt this way You seldom felt this way You never felt this way
		YE-12	How Important Do You Think the Things You Have Learned in School During the Past 12 Months Are Going to Be to You Later in Life? Very important Somewhat important Somewhat unimportant Very unimportant
		YE-13	How Interesting Do You Think Most of Your Courses at School During the Past 12 Months Have Been? Very interesting Somewhat interesting Somewhat boring Very boring
Sanctions Against Substance Use	Protective		How Much Trouble Do You Think a Student in Your Grade Would Be in If He or She Got Caught at School...
		YE-17f	...using an illegal drug? A lot of trouble A little trouble No trouble at all
		YE-17b	...smoking a cigarette? (see previous response categories)
		YE-17d	...drinking an alcoholic beverage? (see previous response categories)
Perceived Prevalence of Substance Use	Risk		How Many of the Students in Your Grade at School Would You Say...
		YE-16b	...use marijuana or hashish? None A few Most All
		YE-16a	...smoke cigarettes? (see previous response categories)
		YE-16c	...drink alcoholic beverages? (see previous response categories)
		YE-16d	...get drunk at least once a week? (see previous response categories)
Academic Performance	Risk	YE-15	What Were Your Grades for the Last Semester or Grading Period That You Completed? A+, A, or A-minus average B+, B, or B-minus average C+, C, or C-minus average D or less than a D average
Exposure to Prevention Messages in School	Protective	YE-24	In the Past 12 Months, Have You Had... ...a special class about drugs or alcohol? (Yes or No) ...films, lectures, discussions, or printed information about drugs or alcohol in one of your regular classes, such as health, physical education, etc.? (Yes or No) ...films, lectures, discussions, or printed information about drugs or alcohol outside one of your regular classes, such as in special assemblies? (Yes or No) (Scored as "Yes" to at least one of the above vs. "No" to all of the above)

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999.

Table A.5 Distribution of Items in the Community Domain from the 1999 NHSDA

Construct	Percent	Construct	Percent
Community Disorganization and Crime
A Lot of Crime in Neighborhood		Many Empty / Abandoned Buildings in Neighborhood
Strongly disagree	51.6	Strongly disagree	75.5
Somewhat disagree	26.2	Somewhat disagree	13.4
Somewhat agree	17.0	Somewhat agree	7.3
Strongly agree	5.1	Strongly agree	3.8
A Lot of Drug Selling in Neighborhood		A Lot of Graffiti in Neighborhood
Strongly disagree	56.9	Strongly disagree	69.9
Somewhat disagree	18.3	Somewhat disagree	14.7
Somewhat agree	15.6	Somewhat agree	10.3
Strongly agree	9.1	Strongly agree	5.0
A Lot of Street Fights in Neighborhood		People Move In and Out of Neighborhood Often
Strongly disagree	69.7	Strongly disagree	38.1
Somewhat disagree	16.2	Somewhat disagree	31.5
Somewhat agree	9.6	Somewhat agree	22.3
Strongly agree	4.5	Strongly agree	8.2
Neighborhood Cohesiveness
People in Neighborhood Often Help Each Other Out		People in Neighborhood Often Visit Each Other's Homes
Strongly disagree	7.5	Strongly disagree	10.2
Somewhat disagree	14.1	Somewhat disagree	16.8
Somewhat agree	45.1	Somewhat agree	41.5
Strongly agree	33.4	Strongly agree	31.4
Community Attitudes Toward Substance Use
Marijuana (Trying Once or Twice)		Alcohol (1 or More Drinks Nearly Every Day)
Strongly disapprove	78.8	Strongly disapprove	70.3
Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	21.1	Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	29.8
Cigarettes (1 or 2 Packs a Day)
Strongly disapprove	65.1
Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	34.8
Community Norms Toward Substance Use
How many adults that you know personally would you say use the following substances?
Marijuana		Alcohol
None of them	71.2	None of them	12.6
A few of them	25.0	A few of them	42.2
Most / All of them	3.8	Most / All of them	45.2
Cigarettes		Get Drunk at Least Once a Week
None of them	10.9	None of them	55.0
A few of them	60.8	A few of them	37.6
Most of them / All of them	28.3	Most / All of them	7.5
Availability of Drugs
Marijuana		Crack
Probably impossible / Very difficult /Fairly difficult	43.5	Probably impossible / Very difficult /Fairly difficult	71.6
Fairly easy / Very easy	56.5	Fairly easy / Very easy	28.4
LSD		Heroin
Probably impossible / Very difficult /Fairly difficult	75.1	Probably impossible / Very difficult /Fairly difficult	81.9
Fairly easy / Very easy	24.9	Fairly easy / Very easy	18.1
Cocaine
Probably impossible / Very difficult /Fairly difficult	82.5
Fairly easy / Very easy	27.5
Exposure to Prevention Messages in the Media
No	17.7
Yes	82.3

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999.

Table A.6 Distribution of Items in the Family Domain from the 1999 NHSDA

Construct	Percent	Construct	Percent
Parental Monitoring
Parents Check on Whether Done Homework		Parents Limit the Amount of Time You Watch TV
Never	8.4	Never	38.7
Seldom	13.7	Seldom	22.1
Sometimes	32.6	Sometimes	27.9
Always	45.3	Always	11.3
Parents Provide Help With Homework if Needed		Parents Limit Amount of Time Out with Friends on School Nights
Never	81.1	Never	12.6
Seldom	10.8	Seldom	15.6
Sometimes	23.7	Sometimes	30.0
Always	57.3	Always	41.9
Parents Make You Do Work Chores Around the House
Never	3.1
Seldom	8.9
Sometimes	36.7
Always	51.3
Parental Encouragement
Parents Let You Know You Have Done a Good Job		Parents Tell You They Are Proud of You for Something You Have Done
Never	4.1	Never	4.2
Seldom	10.2	Seldom	10.5
Sometimes	33.7	Sometimes	32.2
Always	52.0	Always	53.1
Parents' Attitudes Toward Substance Use
Marijuana (Trying Once or Twice)		Alcohol (1 or More Drinks Nearly Every Day)
Strongly disapprove	90.7	Strongly disapprove	89.5
Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	9.2	Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	10.5
Cigarettes (1 or 2 Packs a Day)
Strongly disapprove	87.4
Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	12.6
Parents Communicate About Substance Use
No	42.6
Yes	57.4
Parents as Source of Social Support
Selected mother or father	71.7
Did not select mother or father	28.3

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999.

Table A.7 Distribution of Items in the Peer/Individual Domain from the 1999 NHSDA

Construct	Percent	Construct	Percent
Antisocial Behavior
Got into a Serious Fight at School or Work		Sold Illegal Drugs
0 times	78.1	0 times	96.2
1 or more times	21.9	1 or more times	3.8
Taken Part in Group on Group Fight		Stole / Tried to Steal Anything Worth More than $50
0 times	82.9	0 times	95.2
1 or more times	17.1	1 or more times	4.7
Carried a Handgun		Attacked Someone with Intent to Seriously Hurt Them
0 times	96.4	0 times	91.6
1 or more times	3.6	1 or more times	8.4
Individual Attitudes Toward Substance Use
Marijuana (Trying once or twice)		Alcohol (1 or More Drinks Nearly Every Day)
Strongly disapprove	63.5	Strongly disapprove	63.4
Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	36.4	Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	36.6
Cigarettes (1 or 2 Packs a Day)
Strongly disapprove	63.7
Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	36.3
Friends' Attitudes Toward Substance Use
Marijuana		Alcohol (1 or More Drinks Nearly Every Day)
Strongly disapprove	63.2	Strongly disapprove	59.6
Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	36.8	Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	40.4
Cigarettes (1 or 2 Packs a Day)
Strongly disapprove	57.5
Somewhat disapprove / Neither approve nor disapprove	42.6
Friends' Substance Use
Marijuana		Alcohol
None of them	58.0	None of them	39.4
A few of them	30.3	A few of them	37.7
Most / All of them	11.7	Most / All of them	23.0
Cigarettes		Get Drunk at Least Once a Week
None of them	37.9	None of them	63.4
A few of them	43.4	A few of them	27.8
Most of them / All of them	18.7	Most / All of them	8.8
Risk-Taking Proclivity
How often do you get a real kick out of doing things that are a little dangerous?		How often do you wear a seatbelt when you are riding in the front passenger seat of a car?
Never	28.7	Never	4.9
Seldom	30.9	Seldom	9.3
Sometimes	33.1	Sometimes	23.1
Always	7.4	Always	62.7
How often do you test yourself by doing something a little risky?
Never	29.8
Seldom	36.7
Sometimes	28.1
Always	5.4
Perceived Risk of Substance Use
Marijuana (Once a Month)		Alcohol (4 or 5 Drinks Nearly Every day)
Great risk	37.2	Great risk	63.6
No risk / Slight risk / Moderate risk	62.8	No risk / Slight risk / Moderate risk	36.4
Marijuana (1 or 2 Times a Week)		Alcohol (5 or More Drinks 1 or 2 Times a Week)
Great risk	56.5	Great risk	42.0
No risk / Slight risk / Moderate risk	43.5	No risk / Slight risk / Moderate risk	58.0
Cigarettes (1 or more packs a day)
Great risk	60.7
No risk / Slight risk / Moderate risk	39.3
Involvement in Extracurricular Activities
Participated in 0 or 1 activities	30.9
Participated in 2 or more activities	69.1
Religiosity
Number of Times Attended Religious Services in Past 12 Months		Religious Beliefs Influence How Make Decisions in Life
0 to 5	40.8	Strongly disagree	7.5
6 to 24	17.4	Somewhat disagree	19.9
25 to 52	20.2	Somewhat agree	44.8
More than 52	21.7	Strongly agree	27.9
Religious Beliefs a Very Important Part of Life		It is Important That Friends Share My Religious Beliefs
Strongly disagree	7.2	Strongly disagree	19.0
Somewhat disagree	12.6	Somewhat disagree	44.3
Somewhat agree	44.3	Somewhat agree	27.2
Strongly agree	36.0	Strongly agree	9.4

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999.

Table A.8 Distribution of Items in the School Domain from the 1999 NHSDA

Construct	Percent	Construct	Percent
Commitment to School
During the past 12 months...
How did you feel overall about going to school?		How important do you think the things you have learned in school are going to be to you later in life?
Hated going to school	6.1	Very unimportant	3.2
Didn't like going to school	13.7	Somewhat unimportant	10.6
Kind of liked going to school	48.4	Somewhat important	41.4
Liked going to school	31.8	Very important	44.8
How often did you feel that the school work you were assigned to do was meaningful and important?		How interesting do you think most of your courses at school have been?
Never	4.7	Very boring	6.3
Seldom	17.3	Somewhat boring	18.8
Sometimes	52.5	Somewhat interesting	53.0
Always	25.5	Very interesting	21.9
Sanctions Against Substance Use at School
How much trouble if caught using an illegal drug?		How much trouble if caught drinking alcohol?
No trouble at all	1.0	No trouble at all	1.3
A little trouble	3.9	A little trouble	12.9
A lot of trouble	95.1	A lot of trouble	85.7
How much trouble if caught smoking a cigarette?
No trouble at all	4.4
A little trouble	32.8
A lot of trouble	62.8
Perceived Prevalence of Substance Use
How many students in your grade at school would you say use the following substances?
Marijuana		Alcohol
None of them	26.1	None of them	18.0
A few of them	50.6	A few of them	40.8
Most / All of them	23.4	Most / All of them	41.2
Cigarettes		Get Drunk at Least Once a Week
None of them	13.3	None of them	35.5
A few of them	46.7	A few of them	47.2
Most of them / All of them	40.0	Most / All of them	17.3
Academic Performance
What were your grades in last completed semester/grading period?
A+ / A / A-	28.5
B+ / B / B-	41.5
C+ / C / C-	22.2
D or below	5.9
School does not give letter grades	2.0
Exposure to Prevention Messages in School
No	77.4
Yes	22.6

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999.

Table A.9 Correlations among Risk Factor Scales for Youths Aged 12 to 17: 1999

Risk Factor Scale	Community Disorganization and Crime	Community Attitudes	Community Norms	Perceived Availability of Marijuana	Parental Monitoring	Parental Attitudes	Anti-social Behavior	Individ-ual Attitudes	Friends' Attitudes	Friends' Use	Perceived Risk of Use	Risk-Taking Proclivity	Perceived Prevalence in School	Academic Performance
Community Disorganization and Crime	—	0.28	0.24	0.14	0.08	0.15	0.22	0.13	0.15	0.17	0.10	0.09	0.13	0.17
Community Attitudes	—	—	0.26	0.22	0.21	0.34	0.20	0.35	0.35	0.29	0.25	0.16	0.25	0.18
Community Norms	—	—	—	0.34	0.26	0.23	0.29	0.34	0.37	0.50	0.29	0.31	0.44	0.22
Perceived Availability of Marijuana	—	—	—	—	0.25	0.11	0.19	0.34	0.37	0.51	0.23	0.32	0.55	0.12
Parental Monitoring	—	—	—	—	—	0.17	0.18	0.27	0.29	0.32	0.22	0.25	0.30	0.14
Parental Attitudes	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.24	0.41	0.37	0.25	0.26	0.15	0.15	0.16
Antisocial Behavior	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.29	0.28	0.35	0.27	0.33	0.23	0.25
Individual Attitudes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.70	0.50	0.45	0.38	0.36	0.25
Friends' Attitudes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.57	0.42	0.36	0.41	0.26
Friends' Use	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.36	0.39	0.67	0.25
Perceived Risk of Use	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.30	0.23	0.21
Risk-Taking Proclivity	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.29	0.19
Perceived Prevalence	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.18
Academic Performance	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Note: All correlations are significant at p < .0001.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999.

Table A.10 Correlations among Protective Factor Scales for Youths Aged 12 to 17: 1999

Protective Factor Scale	Neighborhood Cohesiveness	Exposed to Prevention Messages in Media	Parental Encouragement	Parents Communicate About Substance Abuse	Parents Are Source of Social Support	Participation in Two or More Extracurricular Activities	Religiosity	Commitment to School	School Has Sanctions Against Substance Use	Exposed to Prevention Messages in School
Neighborhood Cohesiveness	—	0.06	0.16	0.10	0.08	0.16	0.12	0.13	0.10	0.09
Exposed to Prevention Messages in Media	—	—	0.07	0.12	0.05	0.15	0.06	0.07	0.07	0.25
Parental Encouragement	—	—	—	0.24	0.33	0.15	0.17	0.29	0.16	0.10
Parents Communicate About Substance Abuse	—	—	—	—	0.20	0.14	0.08	0.14	0.07	0.16
Parents Are Source of Social Support	—	—	—	—	—	0.07	0.10	0.21	0.13	0.07
Participation in Two or More Extracurricular Activities	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.19	0.16	0.07	0.21
Religiosity	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.20	0.11	0.06
Commitment to School	—	—	—	—	—	—		—	0.21	0.09
School Has Sanctions Against Substance Use	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.10
Exposed to Prevention Messages in School	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Note: All correlations are significant at p < .0001.

Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999.

Table A.11 Correlations Between Risk Factor Scales and Protective Factor Scales for Youths Aged 12 to 17: 1999

Protective Factor Scale	Community Disorganization and Crime	Community Attitudes	Community Norms	Perceived Availability of Marijuana	Parental Monitoring	Parental Attitudes	Antisocial Behavior	Individual Attitudes	Friends' Attitudes	Friends' Use	Perceived Risk of Use	Risk-Taking Proclivity	Perceived Prevalence in School	Academic Performance
Neighborhood Cohesiveness	-0.16	-0.25	-0.11	-0.09	-0.16	-0.08	-0.07	-0.12	-0.14	-0.10	-0.09	-0.05	-0.10	-0.14
Exposed to Prevention Messages in Media	-0.07	-0.09	-0.05	0.01	-0.07	-0.14	-0.10	-0.09	-0.08	-0.07	-0.08	-0.05	-0.03	-0.12
Parental Encouragement	-0.11	-0.16	-0.22	-0.17	-0.43	-0.13	-0.18	-0.23	-0.24	-0.24	-0.17	-0.21	-0.22	-0.20
Parents Communicate About Substance Abuse	-0.06	-0.08	-0.07	-0.02	-0.24	-0.07	-0.06	-0.10	-0.10	-0.07	-0.09	-0.09	-0.06	-0.12
Parents Are Source of Social Support	-0.08	-0.12	-0.16	-0.17	-0.24	-0.10	-0.16	-0.22	-0.20	-0.22	-0.15	-0.20	-0.19	-0.13
Participation in Two or More Extracurricular Activities	-0.11	-0.17	-0.14	-0.07	-0.16	-0.14	-0.11	-0.19	-0.21	-0.16	-0.16	-0.09	-0.10	-0.28
Religiosity	-0.06	-0.15	-0.23	-0.17	-0.23	-0.16	-0.13	-0.28	-0.25	-0.23	-0.23	-0.17	-0.17	-0.16
Commitment to School	-0.04	-0.15	-0.24	-0.24	-0.31	-0.10	-0.24	-0.33	-0.32	-0.31	-0.26	-0.37	-0.27	-0.27
School Has Sanctions Against Substance Use	-0.11	-0.20	-0.18	-0.28	-0.23	-0.16	-0.20	-0.22	-0.24	-0.30	-0.18	-0.17	-0.35	-0.08
Exposed to Prevention Messages in School	-0.06	-0.11	-0.05	-0.04	-0.11	-0.13	-0.08	-0.10	-0.11	-0.09	-0.10	-0.05	-0.06	-0.14

Note: All correlations are significant at p < .0001, except Perceived Easy Availability of Marijuana and Exposed to Prevention Messages in Media (p = .4861), Perceived Easy Availability of Marijuana and Parents Communicate About Substance Abuse (p = .0015).

Source: Office of Applied Studies, SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999.

This page was last updated on July 14, 2008.

SAMHSA, an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services, is the Federal Government's lead agency for improving the quality and availability of substance abuse prevention, addiction treatment, and mental health services in the United States.

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